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CONTENTS

Ⅰ. Introduction

Ⅱ. Research Methods    2
   1. Subject of Research       
   2. Items and tools of Measurement    
   3. Methods of measurement
   4. Exercise Program  
   5. Statistic Disposition     

Ⅲ. Research Results    5
   1. Body Size 
   2. Body Composition  

Ⅳ. Discussion  8
   1. Body Size 
   2. Body Composition  

Ⅴ. Conclusion and Suggestion   11
   1. Body Size 
   2. Body Composition

Related Reading Materials       

List of Tables
...Table 1. The physical characteristics of subjects       
...Table 2. Test items and measurement tools       
...Table 3. Misie training program for 8 weeks     
...Table 4. The comparison of physique     
...Table 5. The comparison of body composition     

List of Figure
...Fig. 1. Misie Product   

Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION

‘Set a Goal for a Healthy Body Mass’ This is the first guideline from the most recent publication of ADHHS’s (Americans Department of Health and Human Services) Dietary Guidelines for Americans (Heyward, 2002).

Obesity is not only known as a major health threat but also a cause for disease like diabetes, high blood pressure, a fat of blood level, and many others. In the recent years, the obese population has rapidly increased in advanced nations as well as in developing nations. According to the  National Nutrition Survey, the occurrence rate of diseases in the obese with more than  25kg/m2 BMI(Body Mass Index) rated 20.5% in 1995, increased to 26.3% in 1998, and pressing onto 30% recently. Other various survey data also reports an increase in the occurrence rate of obese-related diseases, which suggests at the necessity to treat obesity not only as a beauty issue but more so as a threat to the national health, not only in Korea but in other countries as well. The recent increase of GNP, development of industry, and westernization of lifestyle has led to excessive nutrition intake and lack of exercise, which in turn instigated obesity. Obesity occurring in various age groups has presented itself as a serious uprising problem in the society because of its contribution in the cause of many geriatric diseases as well as a its appeal as a beauty dilemma. (C.I. Lee, 2002; Y.S. Yun, 2001).

Based on a person’s fat %, men with +20% and women with +30% are considered overweight or obese. These fat are usually stored under the tissue and around the intestines (Rexrode etc, 1997); and for cure of such obesity, dieting and exercising methods are used. Especially in middle age women, the body fat distribution is concentrated around upper body, such as stomach, back, etc., thus rapidly forming a pot belly, an abdominal obesity; it has been reported that this contributes to a decrease of estrogen as well as of other factors. (Fukunaga etc, 1993).

In regards to the recent increase of obesity in women, the Korea Obesity Association claims the 11.68% obesity rate of women in 1995 will increase to 26.52% in 1998, and 32.24% in 2000; and predicts a peak of 35-40% in the next 5 years (J.H. Kang & N.S. Kim, 2002). Obesity sometimes occurs during infancy; most that occur in the 40’s, however, contribute to the cause of Breast Cancer, Cervical Cancer, and the Ovarium Cancer (Y.S. Yun, 2001).

 Dieting and exercising methods have been emphasized as a cure and prevention for obesity because the unbalanced energy input and output ratio serves as the biggest factors leading to causing obesity. As a result, methods of changing lifestyles, such as dieting and exercising methods have become standard cure for obesity. Many other methods have also been introduced such as medicament, liposuction, and aromatherapy (Y.S. Yun, 2001). Of the various exercises, regular respiratory exercises have proven efficient, because such exercises lead to detailed of cholesterol density within the blood and other related positive alterations, as a prevention to obesity as well as decreasing the risk of coronary artery disease (K.J. Kim & W.K. Chun, 1999). Despite many people’s expectations that exercising will cure obesity, they need to question the efficiency of such methods in the low calorie usage of the regular exercises, difficulties of exercising as an obesity patients, not used to regular or vigorous exercise-only which will burn the large amount of calories that they wish to burn-, and the possibility of injuries during exercising (Garrow, 1992). Through many researches, it can be claimed that in cases where obesity have been cured only through exercising, there was some weight loss; however the efficiency was not great, and thus it is highly recommended that dieting methods be used along side with exercising methods (Andersen et al. 1999).

 Exercising is recommended as the cure for obesity not only because calorie usage may help lose weight but also because of the various setoffs calorie usage may have on different parts of the body (PerNjOrntorp, 2001). Thus, the effects exercising as a cure to obesity cannot beyond the simple calorie usage; the regular energy usage helps accomplish and maintain a healthy body composition (S.W. Oh, 2002), promotion of fast metabolism, and maintaining weight loss (Kayman etc, 1990), have an overall positive effect on one’s healthiness and is thus recommended. Especially in middle age women who are full-time housewives, their lack of free time due to the mass amount daily housework and their inability to attend exercising or dieting programs thus, for the cure of obesity has contributed to the growing numbers. Also even if they participated in an exercising program, because of the possible danger vigorous activities may have on their limbs, especially middle age body, their reluctance becomes even greater. Thus, this research was conducted recognizing the housewives’s conditions, both environmental and physical, and the need for a more efficient home-style weight loss method rather than a vigorous dieting program, that demands neither excessive extra time or effort.  

The Misie that was used for this research is belt-like device of 6-7kg, which helps reduce appetite and lose weight through weight stimulation around the abdominal area through naturally breathing with the device placed on one’s stomach. Although there are no preceding researches on the effects of Misie, which use the concept of abdominal weight-lifting exercises, it goes similar to exercise of abdomen through the muscle resistance.

Human muscle formations decrease as their increases. The degree of the deterioration, however, varies with each individual; especially for people who practice appropriate nutrition intake and regular resistance exercises, the changes are minor. The decrease of muscle formation in women due to age increase is thus an outcome brought by unhealthy lifestyle, diet, and exercising habits rather than a natural inevitability. Moritani and deVries(1980), research on women’s muscular strength increase and ratios in women who participated in resistance exercises, show that there was an over 20% increase in muscular strength other researches have also proven that resistance exercise bring noticeable increase in muscular strength in women (K.W. Kim & Y.C. Yu 1998).

 In conclusion, it has been assumed that through regular practice of mass-stimulated abdominal exercise, women may acquire similar results to that of weight training without much difficulty and through activating the energy metabolism process, a muscular improvement as well as fat metabolism activation may be expected. Although there have been no preceding researches on weight loss or natural appetite loss by stimulating abdominal muscles, it is hoped that through this research of constructive weight-loss program, the effects of this abdominal mass-stimulation exerciser and the reason for the changes in middle age women’s size and body composition be investigated.

Ⅱ. Research Methods

1. Subject of Research
For this research, 60 volunteer women inhabiting in B city, between the ages of 35-45, either with 25% or more, with a .85, or more WHR participated in this research. Except for the exceptional few with specific circumstances, the 53 remaining volunteers were split up into 3 different groups to test Misie at three different weights: Groups A (15 people) with 6 Kg, Group B (13 people) with 6.5 Kg, and Group C (13 people) with 7Kg.

 These participants, who had not previously participated in a weigh-loss program, are presently healthy and in good condition. Their physical characteristics are as shown below in <Table 1>.

 2. Areas and tools of Measurement
For body size, height, weight, waist, hip, and WHR (%) were measured; and for body composition, fat%(%), BMI, and body fat(kg) were measured. The tools used are as listed below in <Table 2>

3. Methods of measurement
1) Body Size
For height(cm) and weight (kg), an automatic height and weight measurer (Fanics HM-200, Korea) was used and the results rounded up to the nearest tenth. For waist and hip measurements, a measuring tape (Sanhwa, Korea), was used and the results likewise rounded to the nearest tenth; the WHR was calculated through a formula using the waist and hip measurements.

2) Body Composition
Body Composition Analyzer, a product of Biospace, using multi-frequency biolelectricity impedance analytical concept caused by electrical resistance, was used to measure %fat (%), lean body mass (kg), and body fat(kg). In Body 2.0 has the functions to analyze the dispersion of body liquid, number of body cells, edema diagnosis etc., high degree of body composition through the multi-frequency 8-point Tactile Electrode System. Once the subject has stepped up on the impedance measuring device, hands holding the electrode and feet placed on the electrode, the device will make the measurement within only 2 minutes by measuring the electricity resistance from right arm, left arm, right leg, and left leg, by pressing the start button and activating the micro processor.

4. Exercise Program     
1) Exercising methods and tools.
Using group exercised with ‘Misie’ in a lying-down position for 50 minutes by regularly breathing, stretching both before and after the exercise; comparison group continued to participate in their everday routine. The Misie that was used for this research is belt-like device of 6-7kg, which through naturally breathing with the device placed on one’s stomach stimulates the abdominal area with the weight. Misie composes of nickel special magnet, magnetic weight, stone-like massage heating petal, pressure dispersion petal, germanium semiconductor
(Fig. 1)

(Fig. 1. Misie Product)

2) Intensity of exercises and standards for determining Misie’s weight
The 3 trial preparation research to determine the appropriate weight of Misie was conducted with 45 senior students in a public high school of B city. The participants were divided into three groups 15 according to their BMI, 23～26, 27～32, 32(kg/㎡). Through all 3 trials, starting with 5.0kg and adding extra 1 kg the consecutive 2 trials, none of groups felt pains or uncomfortable lying with the 6.0kg and 7.0kg mass on their stomach for 50 minutes. Thus, the research ended with the conclusion that 6.0~7.0kg of weight a safe measurement; and taking account the different effects of different weights, it was decided to have 3 different weights of 6.0, 6.5, and 7.0 kg.

3) Length, frequency, and period of exercise
The duration of each exercise session consisted of 5 minutes of warming up, 50 minutes of Misie exercise, and 5 minutes of cooling down. The regular sessions were held on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, 3days/week; they were also assigned to exercise Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday 3 days/week at home, for altogether 8 weeks of duration. Although the regular sessions were clearly regulated and checked up on, the assigned exercises were not regulated but left free for the exercisers to decide on. The 8 weeks of exercise programs are as listed in
<Table 3>

5. Statistic Disposition  
For data interpretation, the average and standard deviations for the measurements were calculated using SPSS ver 10.0. Group average for before and after the experiment was compared using one-way ANOVA, comparisons within the group were calculated using paired t-test, and Schffe was used verification of the results. Significant number was set to α=.05 

Ⅲ. Research Results 

1. Body Size
The changes that occurred in body size, such as height, weight, waist, hip, and WHR are as listed in <Table 4>.

1) height(cm)
In comparing the height data taken before and after the experiment, there were no noticeable changes in all group A～D.

2) weight(kg)
In comparing the weight data taken before and after the experiment, group A showed a decrease of 0.53kg, however insignificant, group B of 3.36kg and group C of 2.62kg’s significant decrease in mass (p<.001, p<.05). Group D, however, showed a significant increase of 2.47kg (p<.001). There had been no distinctions between the groups prior to the experiments in weight difference; after the experiment, however, there were distinct changes (p<.05) between the groups. After identifying the results, group D had a larger average than A?B?C, and group A?C had larger average than group B.

3) Waist(㎝)
Comparing the waist measurements before and after the experiment, groups A, B, and C showed a significant decrease of 1.88cm, 4.09cm, 4.53cm each (p<.01, p<.001); group D, however, showed an increase of 1.62cm (p<.05). In the group comparison, there were no significant differences before the experiment; after the experiment, there were significant differences between the groups (p<.01), group D was higher than A?B?C, and group A?C was higher than B.

4) Hip(㎝)
Comparing the hip measurement before and after the experiment, group A?B?C showed a significant decrease of 1.23cm, 3.26cm, 2.81cm each(p<.01, p<.001), but group D showed an increase of 1.75cm ( p<.001). In the group comparison, there were no significant differences before the experiment; after the experiment, there were significant differences between the groups (p<.01), group D was higher than A?B?C, and group A?C was higher than B.

5) WHR(%)
In comparing the before and after results of WHR, group A decreased by 0.01%, group B and C showed a significant decrease of 0.05%, 0.03% (p<.01, p<.001), but group D showed a significant increase of 0.02%(p<.05). In the group comparison, there were no significant differences before the experiment; after the experiment, there were significant differences between the groups (p<.01), group D was higher than A?B?C, and group A?C was higher than B